Modern Aspects of Home Economics Education and Slovenia
Abstract
Home economics operates in the academic, curriculum and social realms, as well as in everyday life. Due to its multidisciplinarity, it includes and interconnects the contents of different disciplines (e.g., healthy lifestyle, nutrition, dietetics, textiles, home, family, consumption, personal and family economics, design and technology), which are considered in terms of meeting the needs of the individual, family, and society. Home economics education and literacy play an important role in acquiring knowledge and skills that help raise the quality of life of the individual, family, and society. With the development of society, the needs of both the individual and the family are changing; therefore, changes are also needed in home economics education, which is reflected in the updating of the subject curricula. The goals and contents in the curriculum must reflect and meet the needs of the current society and take into account the cultural dependence and social determinism of the home economics field. To a certain extent, the current curriculum of the subject home economics in Slovene elementary schools already includes some content areas that have been recognised as important for meeting the needs of society. These relate to healthy lifestyle, nutrition, health, textiles, consumption, economics, family, environment and sustainable development. Given the perceived needs of society, the use of household appliances, home contents, and first aid should be additionally included in home economics education in Slovenia, and students should be encouraged to develop social and communication skills. It is also necessary to consider the appropriate placement of the subject in the curriculum, as it is necessary to implement home economics education in the entire elementary school education. Doing so will enable the acquisition of knowledge and skills needed in society and, therefore, the appropriate level of home economics literacy of the individual.
Downloads
References
Alharbi, M., & Renwick, K. (2017). Saudi Arabian home economics curriculum: Searching for deep learning. International Journal of Home Economics, 10(2), 109–120.
Allwood, J. M., Laursen, S. E., De Rodríguez, C. M., & Bocken, N. M. (2006). Well dressed. The present and future sustainability of clothing and textiles in the United Kingdom. University of Cambridge Institute for Manufacturing.
https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/uploads/Resources/Other_Reports/UK_textiles.pdf
Banič, M., & Koch, V. (2015). Izkušnje učiteljev razrednega pouka s poučevanjem gospodinjstva [Experiences of primary school teachers in Home Economics teaching]. In M. Orel (Ed.), Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij (pp. 752–767). EDUvision.
Becirovic, S., & Akbarov, A. (2015). Impact of social changes on teacher’s role and responsibilities in the educational system. The Journal of Linguistic and Intercultural Education, 8, 21–34.
Benn, J. (2004). Consumer education between ‘consumership’ and citizenship: Experiences from studies of young people. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 28(2), 108–116.
Benn, J. (2008). Some Danish remarks. International Journal of Home Economics, 1(1), 8–9.
Benn, J. (2009). Practical wisdom, understanding of coherence and competencies for everyday life. International Journal of Home Economics, 2(1), 2–14.
Brown, M. M. (1980). What is home economics? Minnesota Research and Development Center for Vocational Education.
Caraher, M., & McCloat, A. (2016). Home economics as a food education intervention: Lessons from the Irish secondary education context. Education and Health, 34(4), 104–109.
Casaló, L. V., & Escario, J. (2016). Intergenerational association of environmental concern: Evidence of parents’ and children’s concern. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 65–74.
Collins, C., Collins, E., & Mc Intosh, J. (2008). Home economics futures – possible scenarios and where they take us. Visionary insights into the future – 2028. In D. Pendregast (Ed.), Home economics: Reflecting the past; creating the future (pp. 115–131).
Collins, S. B., Neysmith, S., Porter, E., & Reitsma-Street, M. (2009). Women’s provisioning work: counting the cost for women living on low income. Community, Work & Family, 12(1), 21–37.
Davis, M. L. (2008). On identifying our profession. A response to the IFHE position statement. Home economics in the 21st century. International Journal of Home Economics, 1(1), 10–17.
Dewhurst Y., & Pendergast D. (2008). Home economics in the 21st century: A cross-cultural comparative Study. International Journal of Home Economics, 1(1), 63–83.
Dixon, R. (2017). Teachers’ hopes for the future of home economics education in New Zealand. International Journal of Home Economics, 10(1), 12–20.
Erjavšek, M., & Kostanjevec, S. (2018). Formal nutrition education and the inclusion of parents in promoting nutritional literacy of children. In M. Orel & S. Jurjevčič (Eds.), Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij (pp. 742–751). EDUvision.
Erjavšek, M., & Lovšin Kozina, F. (2015). Stališča učiteljev z ustrezno in neustrezno formalno izobrazbo za poučevanje gospodinjstva do predmeta gospodinjstvo [The attitudes of teachers with adequate and inadequate formal education to teaching home economics on the home economics subject]. In M. Orel (Eds.), Sodobni pristopi poučevanje prihajajočih generacij (pp. 743–751). EDUvision.
Erjavšek, M., Lovšin Kozina, F., & Kostanjevec, S. (2021). In-service home economics teachersʼ attitudes to the integration of sustainable topics in the home economics subject. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 11(1), 27–47.
Erjavšek, M., Zupančič, T., & Kostanjevec, S. (2018). Teachers' views on the importance of home economics education in elementary school. In M. Orel & S. Jurjevčič (Eds.), Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij (pp. 772–778). EDUvision.
Erjavšek, M., Žabkar, N., & Kostanjevec, S. (2019). Elementary school pupils' attitude to home economics literacy. In M. Orel & S. Jurjevčič (Eds.), Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij (pp. 1249–1258). EDUvision.
Gale Smith, M. (2013). Issues and directions for home economics/family studies/human ecology education: An epilogue. In M. de Zwart & M. Gale Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of the Canadian Symposium XII Issues and Directions for Home Economics/Family Studies/Human Ecology Education (pp. 22–24). British Columbia.
Gale Smith, M. (2015). What does “Bring Back Home Ec” mean for us? Challenging the discourses of obesity and cooking. In M. de Zwart & M. Gale Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of the Canadian Symposium XIII Issues and Directions for Home Economics/Family Studies/Human Ecology Education (pp. 129–150). Canada.
Goldsmith, E. B., & Piscopo, S. (2014). Advances in consumer education: European initiatives. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38(1), 52–61.
Gregorič, M., & Fajdiga Turk, V. (2018). Prehranjevanje [Nutrition]. In M. Vinko, T. Kofol Bric, A- Korošec, S. Tomšič, & M. Vrdelja (Eds.), Kako skrbimo za zdravje? Z zdravjem povezan vedenjski slog prebivalcev Slovenije 2016 (pp. 8–13). Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije.
Hakansson, A. (2015). Indoctrination or education? Intention of unqualified teachers to transfer consumption norms in home economics teaching. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(6), 682–691.
Harari, Y. N. (2020). 21 nasvetov za 21. stoletje [21 Lessons for the 21st century]. Mladinska knjiga.
Hira, T. K. (2013). Home economics literacy: Investing in our future. Journal of ARAHE, 20(3), 113–118.
Hira, T. K. (2015). World home economics day 2015 and 2016: Home economics literacy. https://he.ifhe.org/index.phpeID=tx_nawsecuredlinu=0ing=0int=1537183713inhash=87fb2698b2c3c36ebf8f7bb9737c4438737001beinfile=fileadmin/user_upload/redaktion/IFHE_In_Focus/WHED/Article_HIRA_WHED_2015_Literacy.pdf
Hodelin, G. B. (2008). Recasting home economics for the 21st century. A response to the IFHE position statement home economics in the 21st century. International Journal of Home Economics, 1(1), 18–21.
Höijer, K., Hjälmeskog, K., & Fjellström, C. (2011). Food with a purpose? – Home economics teachers’ construction of food and home. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35(5), 514–519.
IFHE (International Federation for Home Economics). (2008). IFHE position statement, home economics in the 21st century. http://www.ifhe.org/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredlinu=0infile=fileadmin/user_upload/redaktion/Publications/IFHE_Position_Statement_2008.pdfint=1276950317inhash=0878b56fbd9ea1b52ab4858efac2927c
IFHE (International Federation for Home Economics). (2015). Press release: World home economics day 21 March 2015. Home economics literacy: Skills for families and consumers. IFHE.
IFHE (International Federation for Home Economics). (2016). IFHE world congress 2016 resolution. https://www.ifhe.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IFHE/IFHE_Resolutions/IFHE_Resolution_World_Congress_2016.pdf
Information Booklet. (2020-21a). Predstavitveni zbornik. Univerzitetni študijski program prve stopnje. Dvopredmetni učitelj [First Level University Study Programme. Two Subject Study Programmes] https://www.pef.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/Datoteke/Studijski_programi/Predstavitveni_zborniki/Zborniki_20-21/Dvopredmetni_u%C4%8Ditelj_4.pdf
Information Booklet. (2020-21b). Predstavitveni zbornik. Univerzitetni študijski program prve stopnje. Razredni pouk [First Level University Study Programme. First cycle of elementary school].
Jabs, J., Devine, C. M., Bisogni, C. A., Farrell, T. J., Jastran, M., & Wethington, E. (2007). Trying to find the quickest Way: Employed mothers’ constructions of time for food. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 39(1), 18–25.
Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., Venkatesh, A., Wang, J., & Chan, R. (2012). Fast fashion, sustainability, and the ethical appeal of luxury brands. Fashion Theory, 16(3), 273–295.
Kalin, J., Krek, J., Medveš, Z., Valenčič Zuljan, M., & Vogrinc, J. (2011). Osnovna šola [Elementary school]. In Krek, J., & Metljak, M. (Eds.), Bela knjiga o vzgoji in izobraževanju v Republiki Sloveniji (pp. 107–179). Zavod RS za šolstvo.
Kaplowitz, M. D., & Levine, R. (2005). How environmental knowledge measures up at a big ten university. Environmental Education Research, 2(11), 143–160.
Kieren, D., Vaines, E., & Badir, D. (1984). The home economist as a helping professional. Frye Publishing.
Korhenen, K., & Lappalainen, A. (2004). Examining the environmental awareness of children and adolescents in the Ranomafana region, Madagascar. Environmental Education Research, 2(10), 197–216.
Kostanjevec, S., Lovšin Kozina, F., & Erjavšek, M. (2017). Izzivi gospodinjskega opismenjevanja v osnovnošolskem izobraževanju [Challenges of teaching home economics literacy in primary education]. In M. Sardoč, I. Ž. Žagar, & A. Mlekuž (Eds.), Raziskovanje v vzgoji in izobraževanju danes: zbornik povzetkov: 2nd nacionalna znanstvena konferenca (pp. 72–73). Pedagoški inštitut.
Kostanjevec, S., Lovšin Kozina, F., & Erjavšek, M. (2018). The relationship between teachersʼ education and their self-perceived competence for teaching home economics. Problems of education in the 21st century, 76(2), 175–187.
Lah, M. (2015). Odnos osnovnošolskih učiteljev do poučevanja predmeta gospodinjstvo [The attitude of primary school teachers towards teaching the home economics subject]. [Master‘s thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta].
Lai-Yeung, W. L. T. (2011). Nutrition education for adolescents: Principals’ views. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 20(1), 87–94.
Lang, T., & Caraher, M. (2001). Is there a culinary skills transition? Data and debate from the UK about changes in cooking culture. Journal of the HEIA, 8(2), 2–14.
Lichtenstein, A. H., & Ludwig, D. S. (2010). Bring back home economics education. JAMA, 303(18), 1857–1858.
Lind, E., Pappel, K., & Paas, K. (2009). Handicaft and home economics as designers of citizens who are able to cope in society. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 8(1), 54–62.
Lindblom, C., Erixon Arreman, I., & Hörnell, A. (2013). Practical conditions for home and consumer studies in Swedish compulsory education: A survey study. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37(5), 556–563.
Lobstein, T., & Jackson-Leach, R. (2016). Planning for the worst: Estimates of obesity and comorbidities in school-age children in 2025. Pediatric Obesity, 11, 321–325.
Lovšin Kozina, F. (2015). The primary school pupils’ knowledge and attitudes on selected textile topics. Tekstilec, 58(4), 274−280.
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2014). The Economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5–44.
Ma, A., & Pendergast, D. (2011). The past, the present and the preferred future for home economics education in Hong Kong. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35(5), 589–594.
Magee, M., Yoo, T. M., Mok, C. F. J., & Washi, S. (2010). Collective empowerment of the home economics profession — Equipping the profession with advocacy, futures creation and leadership. International Journal of Home Economics, 3(1), 38–52.
Maknun, J., Syaom Barliana, M., Cahyani, D., & Mardiana, R. (2016). The level of environmental literacy toward vocational high school students in West Java Province. Innovation of Vocational Technology Education, 2, 66–70.
Matos, B. (2016). Odnos staršev do gospodinjskega opismenjevanja otrok. [Parents’ attitudes towards teaching children home economics literacy]. (Diploma thesis). Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta.
McGregor, S. L. T. (2016). Framing consumer education conceptual innovations as consumer activism. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40(1), 35–47.
Mifsud, M. C. (2012). A meta-analysis of global youth environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior Studies. US-China Education Review B, 2(3), 259–277.
Mølstad, C. E. (2015). State-based curriculum-making: approaches to local curriculum work in Norway and Finland. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 47(4), 441–461.
Mominova, R. N., & Ibragimova, D. (2021). A healthy lifestyle and its importance. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(3), 1–6.
Morgan, L. R., & Birtwistle, G. (2009). An investigation of young fashion consumers’ disposal habits. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 33(2), 190–198.
Murko, A. (2017). Didaktični pristopi pri poučevanju prehranskih vsebin, vključenih v predmet gospodinjstvo [Didactic approaches in teaching nutrition content integrated in home economics subject]. [Master‘s thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta].
Nanayakkara, J., Burton, M., Margerison, C., & Worsley, A. (2018). Importance of home economics compared to other secondary school subjects: Australian parents’ and young adults’ views. International Journal of Home Economics, 11(1), 72–79.
Neubauer, A. B., Schmidt, A., Kramer, A. C., & Schmiedek, F. (2021). A little autonomy support goes a long way: Daily autonomy-supportive parenting, child well-being, parental need fulfillment, and change in child, family, and parent adjustment across the adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Development, 92(5), 1679–1697.
Nutbeam, D. (1998). Health promotion glossary. Health Promotion International, 13(4), 349–64.
OECD. (2009). Financial literacy and consumer protection: Overlooked aspects of the crisis. http://www.oecd.org/finance/financial-markets/43138294.pdf
OECD. (2013). PISA 2012. Assessment and analytical framework: Mathematics, reading, science, problem solving and financial literacy. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264190511-en
OECD. (2014). PISA 2012 results: Students and money: Financial literacy skills for the 21st century. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-volume-vi.pdf
Olafsdottir, S., Juniusdottir, R., & Olafsadotti, A. S. (2017). Health promotion and home economics belong together-progress towards extended curricula in teacher education. International Journal of Home Economics, 10(2), 180–190.
Pace, E. M., Aiello, P., & Sibilio, M. (2015). Applying the theory of simplexity in home economics education for the acquisition of transversal competencies to face complexity. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 11(2), 71–87.
Pendergast, D. (2001). Virginal mothers, groovy chicks and Bbokey blokes: Re-thinking home economics (and) teaching bodies. Australian Academic Press.
Pendergast, D. (2008). Introducing the IFHE position statement. International Journal of Home Economics, 1(1), 3–7.
Pendergast, D. (2012). The intention of home economics education: A powerful enabler for future-proofing the profession. In D. Pendergast, S. L. T. McGregor, & K. Turkki (Eds.), Creating home economics future: The next 100 years (pp. 12–24). Australian Academic Press.
Pendergast, D. (2013). An appetite for home economics literacy: Convergence, megatrends and big ideas. Journal of ARAHE, 20(2), 57–65.
Pendergast, D. (2015). HELM - home economics literacy model - A vision for the field. Victorian Journal of Home Economics, 54(1), 2–6.
Pendergast, D., & Dewhurst, Y. (2012). Home economics and food literacy: An international investigation. International Journal of Home Economics, 5(2), 245–263.
Pendergast, D., Garvis, S., & Kanasa, H. (2011). Insight from the public on home economics and formal food literacy. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 39(4), 415–430.
Pendergast, D., Garvis, S., & Kanasa, H. (2013). The value of home economics to address the obesity challenge: An evaluation of comments in an online forum. International Journal of Home Economics, 6(2), 272–285.
PISA. (2021). Financial literacy analytical and assessment framework. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/sitedocument/PISA-2021-Financial-Literacy-Framework.pdf
Pravilnik o izobrazbi učiteljev in drugih strokovnih delavcev v izobraževalnem programu osnovne šole. (2015). [Rules on education of teachers and other expert workers in the elementary school education programme]. Uradni list RS, št. 109/11, 10/12, 92/12, 49/13 in 75/15. http://pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=PRAV10943
Pridāne, A. (2017). The study on competence-based curriculum implementation in the subject home economics and technologies. http://llufb.llu.lv/conference/REEP/2017/Latvia-Univ-Agricult-REEP-2017_proceedings-376-384.pdf
Program osnovna šola. Gospodinjstvo. Učni načrt. (2011). [Elementary school programme, Home Economics, Curriculum]. Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport: Zavod RS za šolstvo. http://www.mizs.gov.si/fileadmin/mizs.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocje/os/prenovljeni_UN/UN_gospodinjstvo.pdf
Program osnovna šola. Načini prehranjevanja in Sodobna priprava hrane. Učni načrt. (2009). [Ways of eating and Modern food preparation]. Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport: Zavod RS za šolstvo. http://www.mizs.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/direktorat_za_predsolsko_vzgojo_in_osnovno_solstvo/osnovno_solstvo/program/abecedni_seznam_izbirnih_predmetov_v_osnovni_soli/#c17860
Renold, U. (2008). The role of education in equipping individuals and families to be resilient and active participants in the global community. International Journal of Home Economics, 1(2), 69–74.
RIC. (2021). Nacionalno preverjanje znanja [National assessment of knowledge in 9-year period]. https://www.ric.si/preverjanje_znanja/predmeti/
Roldan, A. T. (2017). Home economics research: Instilling hope, re-directing source of happiness in individuals and families of contemporary society. International Journal of Home Economics, 10(1), 151–161.
Rosefsky Saavedra, A., & Darleen Opfer, V. (2012). Teaching and learning 21st century skills. https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/T/teaching-and-learning-21st-century-skills-rand.pdf
Saribas, D., Teksoz, G., & Ertepinar, H. (2014). The relationship between environmental literacy and self-efficacy beliefs toward environmental education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3664–3668.
Scarborough, W. J., Collins, C., Ruppanner, L., & Landivar, L. C. (2021). Head start and families’ recovery from economic recession: Policy recommendations for COVID‐19. Family Relations, 70(1), 26–42.
Sheridan Rains, L., Johnson, S., Barnett, P., Steare, T., Needle, J. J., Carr, S., Taylor, B. L., Bentivegna, F., Edbrooke-Childs, J., Scott, H. R., Rees, J., Shah, P., Lomani, J., Chipp, B., Barber, N., Dedat, Z., Oram, S., Morant, N., & Simpson, A. (2021). Early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health care and on people with mental health conditions: Framework synthesis of international experiences and responses. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56, 13–24.
Slater, J. (2013). Is cooking dead? The state of home economics food and nutrition education in a Canadian province. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37(6), 617–624.
Slater, J., & Hinds, A. (2014). University student perceptions of home economics: Food and nutrition education. International Journal of Home Economics, 7(2), 68–80.
Sproles, K. E., & Sproles, B. B. (2000). Careers serving families and consumers. Prentice Hall.
SSKJ - Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika. (2008). [Dictionary of Slovenian literary language]. SAZU.
Stage, S., & Vincenti, E. (1997). Rethinking home economics, women and the history of the profession. Cornell University Press.
Street, P. (2006). Home economics education in New Zealand: A position statement. http://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/Curriculum-resources/NZC-resource-bank/Health-and-physical-education/Supporting-materials
Štirn, P. (2016). Odnos študentov do vsebin gospodinjstva [Students' attitude towards home economics contents]. (Diploma thesis). Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta.
Taar, J., & Vant, T. (2017b). The role of the school subjects ́ name on its content and image. http://llufb.llu.lv/conference/REEP/2017/Latvia-Univ-Agricult-REEP-2017_proceedings-392-399.pdf
Tamm, J., & Palojoki, P. (2012). New curriculum, new directions? Using socio-cultural perspective to develop home economics education in Estonia. http://llufb.llu.lv/conference/REEP/2012/REEP-2012-proceedings-E-ISSN-2255-808X.pdf
Tuncer, G., Tekkaya, C., Sungur, S., Cakiroglu, J., Ertepinar, H., & Kaplowitz, M. (2009). Assessing pre-service teachers’ environmental literacy in Turkey as a means to develop teacher education programs. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(4), 426–436.
Tuomisto, M., HaapaniemI, J., & Fooladi, E. (2017). Close neighbours, different interests? Comparing three Nordic home economics curricula. International Journal of Home Economics, 10(2), 121–131.
Turkki, K. (2005). Pre-professionals’ perceptions of home economics in Finland. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 29(3), 273–282.
Urek, V. (2018). Stališča staršev o pomenu usvajanja znanj in veščin pri gospodinjskem izobraževanju [Parents’ views on the importance of acquiring knowledge and skills in home economics education]. (Master’s thesis). Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta.
Vidgen, H. A., & Gallegos, D. (2014). Defining food literacy and its components. Appetite, 76, 50–59.
Volāne, E. (2014). The acquisition of primary school pupils’ life activity skills in the aspect of teaching content of home economics and technologies. http://llufb.llu.lv/conference/REEP/2014/Latvia-Univ-Agricult-REEP-2014proceedings-162-171.pdf
Wahlen, S., Posti-Ahokas, H., & Collins, E. (2009). Linking the loop: Voicing dimensions of home economics. International Journal of Home Economics, 2(2), 32–47.
Werner, E. N., Guadagni, A. J., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2020). Assessment of nutrition knowledge in division I college athletes. Journal of American College Health, 2000, 1–8. https://doi-org.nukweb.nuk.uni-lj.si/10.1080/07448481.2020.1740234
WHO. (2014). European food and nutrition action plan 2015–2020. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/253727/64wd14e_FoodNutAP_140426.pdf
WHO. (2021). Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Woodruff, S. J., & Kirby, A. R. (2013). The associations among family meal frequency, food preparation frequency, self-efficacy for cooking, and food preparation techniques in children and adolescents. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 45(4), 296–303.
In order to ensure both the widest dissemination and protection of material published in CEPS Journal, we ask Authors to transfer to the Publisher (Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana) the rights of copyright in the Articles they contribute. This enables the Publisher to ensure protection against infringement.
