Undergraduate and Graduate Students’ Beliefs about Dyslexia: Implications for Initial Foreign Language Teacher Education

  • Alma Žero Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Karmen Pižorn Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana,
Keywords: dyslexia, foreign language learning and teaching, inclusive education, initial teacher education, specific learning difficulties

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore undergraduate and graduate students’ beliefs about dyslexia at the Department of English Language and Literature of the University of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina and subsequent implications for initial foreign language teacher education. The study follows a convergent parallel mixed methods design. A questionnaire was used to gather quantitative data on students’ beliefs about dyslexia and to consider potential variances at different levels of study. A group interview was used to gather qualitative findings for further consideration in initial teacher education on dyslexia and other specific learning difficulties. The findings have shown that both undergraduate and graduate students have an almost equal number of misconceptions about dyslexia, with the majority (96.03%) affirming that they need more training in teaching students with dyslexia or other specific learning difficulties. Furthermore, the study follows an emergent framework with reference to three main themes: (1) teacher beliefs and attitudes, (2) teaching practices, and (3) teacher preparation, which also reflect the main areas of undergraduate and graduate students’ concerns in teaching students with dyslexia and other specific learning difficulties.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abadžija, M. (2015). Inicijalno obrazovanje predmetnih nastavnika u BiH [Initial professional teacher education in BiH]. Centar za politike i upravljanje.

American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Fifth edition. American Psychiatric Publishing.

Andriushchenko, K., Kovtun, V., Cherniaieva, O., Datsii, N., Aleinikova, O., Mykolaiets, A. (2020). Transformation of the Educational Ecosystem in the Singularity Environment. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(9), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.9.5

Avramidis, E., & Norwich, B. (2002). Teachers' attitudes towards integration/inclusion: a review of the literature. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 17(2), 129–147.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250210129056

Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe, and do. Language Teaching, 36(2), 81–109.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444803001903

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Routledge.

Creswell, J.W., & Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research design: A qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches. SAGE Publications.

Crombie, M. (1997). The effects of specific learning difficulties (dyslexia) on the learning of a foreign language at school. Dyslexia, 3, 27–47.

https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0909(199703)3:1%3C27::AID-DYS43%3E3.0.CO;2-R

Diakakis, P., Gardelis, J., Ventouri, K., Nikolaou, K., Koltsida, G., Tsitour, S., & Constantopoulo, A. (2008). Behavioral problems in children with learning difficulties according to their parents and teachers. Pediatrics, 121(2). American Academy of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2022CC

Demirović, B., Memišević, H., Hadžić, S., & Arnautalić, M. (2015). Inkluzija: Izazovi i perspective [Inclusion: Challenges and perspectives]. Unapređenje obrazovnog sistema u oblasti primjene inkluzivnih principa podučavanja [Advancement of the education system in implementing inclusive teaching principles] (pp. 79–85). Save The Children.

Društvo ujedinjenih građanskih akcija [DUGA]. (2006). Vodič kroz inkluziju u obrazovanju [Guide to inclusion in education]. DUGA.

Duranović, M. (November, 2016). Istraživanja pokazala kako u BiH svako deseto dijete ima simptome disleksije [Research confirms that every tenth child in BiH shows signs of dyslexia]. Večernji list. https://www.vecernji.ba/vijesti/istrazivanja-pokazala-kako-u-bih-svako-deseto-dijete-ima-simptome-disleksije-1131516)

Duranović, M., Georgieva, D., Lenček, M., Novović, T., & Kačka, M. (2018). Public awareness of dyslexia in Balkan countries. Foreign Language Teaching, 5, 471–484.

Florian, L., & Black-Hawkins, K. (2011). Exploring inclusive pedagogy. British Educational Research Journal, 37(5), 813–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.501096

Fond Otvoreno Društvo [FOD]. (2013). Od segregacije do inkluzije: Da li je obrazovanje djece i mladih sa posebnim potrebama u BiH inkluzivno? Kratki pregled i analiza stanja [Is the education of children and youth with special needs inclusive in BiH? Overview and situation analysis]. Fond Otvoreno Društvo.

Forlin, C. (Ed.). 2010. Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches. Routledge.

Forlin, C., Earle, C., Loreman, T., & Sharma, U. (2011). The sentiments, attitudes, and concerns about inclusive education revised (SACIE-R). Scale for measuring pre-service teachers’ perceptions about inclusion. Exceptionality Education International, 21(3), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.5206/eei.v21i3.7682

Gwernan-Jones, R., & Burden, R. (2009). Are they just lazy? Student teachers’ attitudes about dyslexia. Dyslexia, 16(1), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.393

Helland, T., & Kaasa, R. (2005). Dyslexia in English as a second language. Dyslexia, 11(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.286

Hollenweger, J., Pantić, N., & Florian, L. (2015). Tool to upgrade teacher education practices for inclusive education. Council of Europe.

Ilić M., Juka S., Peco A., Vukajlović B., & Dmitrović E. (Eds). (2006). Individualizacija i inkluzija u obrazovanju [Individualiztion and inclusion in education]. Zbornik radova. CES Programme.

International Dyslexia Association [IDA]. (2017). Dyslexia in the classroom: What every teacher needs to know. International Dyslexia Association.

Jordan, A., Schwartz, E., & McGhie-Richmond, D. (2009). Preparing teachers for inclusive classrooms. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(4), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.02.010

Kafedžić, L. (2015). Stručno usavršavanje nastavnika za odgojno-obrazovni rad u inkluzivnim odjeljenjima [Professional training of teachers for educational work in inclusive classrooms]. Unapređenje obrazovnog sistema u oblasti primjene inkluzivnih principa podučavanja [Advancement of the education system in implementing inclusive teaching principles] (pp. 9–23). Save The Children.

Kafedžić, L, Šušnjara, S., & Bjelan, S. (Eds.). (2014). Razvijanje kompetencija budućih nastavnika za inkluzivno obrazovanje na tercijarnoj obrazovnoj razini [Developing future teachers’ competencies for inclusive education at the tertiary educational level]. Zbornik radova. Fakultet prirodoslovno-matematičkih i odgojnih znanosti Sveučilišta u Mostaru.

Kagan, D. M. (1992). Implications of research on teacher belief. Educational Psychologist, 27(1), 65–90. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2701_6

Kavkler, M., Košak Babuder, M., & Magajna, L. (2015). Inclusive education for children with specific learning difficulties: Analysis of opportunities and barriers in inclusive education in Slovenia. CEPS Journal, 5(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.152

Kormos, J. (2017). The second language learning processes of students with specific learning difficulties. Routledge.

Kormos, J., & Kontra Edith H. (2008). Language learners with special needs: An international perspective. Multilingual Matters.

Kosak Babuder, M., & Jazbec, S. (2019). Exploring pre-service and in-service teachers’ perceptions about early foreign language learning and dyslexia. Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria De Didáctica De Las Lenguas Extranjeras, 32, 87–102. https://doi.org/10.30827/pl.v0i32.13701

Košak-Babuder, M., Kormos, J., Ratajczak, M., & Pižorn, K. (2019). The effect of read-aloud assistance on the text comprehension of dyslexic and non-dyslexic English language learners. Language Testing, 36(1), 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532218756946

Martinelli, V., Camilleri, D., & Fenech, D. (2018). Common beliefs and research evidence about dyslexic students’ specific skills: Is it time to reassess some of the evidence? Interdisciplinary Education and Psychology, 2(2), 1–16.

Martan, V., Skočić Mihić, S., & Matošević, A. (2017). Teachers’ attitudes toward teaching students with dyslexia. Croatian Journal of Education, 19(3), 75–97. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v19i0.2704

Ministry of Education, Canton Sarajevo. (2021). Framework law on primary education. https://aposo.gov.ba/sadrzaj/uploads/Framework-Law.pdf

Ng, W., Nicholas, H., & Williams, A. (2010). School experience influences on pre-service teachers' evolving beliefs about effective teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.03.010

Nijakowska, J. (2014). Dyslexia in the European EFL teacher training context. In M. Pawlak, & L. Aronin (Eds.), Essential topics in applied linguistics and multilingualism (pp. 129–154). Springer.

Nijakowska, J. (2020). Dyslexia in the context of Second language learning and teaching. Pragmalinguistica, (Monográfico 2), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.25267/pragmalinguistica.2020.iextra2.15

Nijakowska, J., Kormos, J., Hanušová, S., Jaroszewicz. B., Kálmos, B., Sarkandi, A., Smith, A. M., Szymańska-Czaplak, E., Vojtkova, N., Alexiou, T., Košak Babuder, M., Mattheoudakis, M., & Pižorn, K. (2016). DysTEFL2 - Dyslexia for teachers of English as a foreign language: Trainer’s booklet, trainee’s booklet, Test Booklet. DysTEFL2.

Nijakowska, J., Tsagari, D., & Spanoudis, G. (2018). English as a foreign language teacher training needs and perceived preparedness to include dyslexic learners: The case of Greece, Cyprus, and Poland. Dyslexia, 24(4), 357–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1598

Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307–332. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307

Pintrich, P. R. (1990). Implications of psychological research on student learning and college teaching for teacher education. In W. R. Houston (Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 826–857). Macmillan.

Reinke, K., & Moseley, C. (2002). The effects of teacher education on elementary and secondary preservice teachers' beliefs about integration: A longitudinal study. Action in Teacher Education, 24(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2002.10463265

Rosenfeld, M., & Rosenfeld, S. (2008). Developing effective teacher beliefs about learners: The role of sensitizing teachers to individual learning differences. Educational Psychology, 28(3), 245–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410701528436

Sharma, U., Forlin, C., & Loreman, T. (2008). Impact of training on pre-service teachers’ attitudes and concerns about inclusive education and sentiments about persons with disabilities. Disability & Society, 23(7), 773–785. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802469271

Symeonidou, S., & Phtiaka, H. (2009). Using teachers’ prior knowledge, attitudes and beliefs to develop in-service teacher education courses for inclusion. Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies, 25(4), 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.02.001

Spratt, J., & Florian, L.D. (2013). Applying the principles of inclusive pedagogy in initial teacher education: from university-based course to classroom action. Revista de Investigación en Educación, 11(3), 133–140.

Tschannen-Moran, M., & Wolfok-Hoy, A. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(6), 783–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] (1990). World declaration on education for all and framework for action to meet basic learning needs. UNESCO.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] (1994). Salamanca statement and framework for action for special needs education. UNESCO.

United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund [UNICEF]. (2012). The right of children with disabilities to education: A rights-based approach to inclusive education. UNICEF.

Wadlington, E.M., & Wadlington, P.L. (2005). What educators really believe about dyslexia. Reading Improvement, 42, 16–37.

Washburn, E. K., Binks-Cantrell, E. S., & Joshi, R. M. (2013). What do preservice teachers from the USA and the UK know about dyslexia? Dyslexia, 20(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1459

Woodcock, S. (2013). Trainee teachers’ attitudes towards students with specific learning disabilities. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 38(8). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2013v38n8.6

Woodcock, S., & Vialle, W. (2016). An examination of pre-service teachers' attributions for students with specific learning difficulties. Learning and Individual Differences, 45, 252–259.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.021

Žero, A. (2022). Inclusive education in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Exploring English language teachers’ competencies. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 284–309.

https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2022-0016

Published
2022-12-28